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<\/figure><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n\u010crevn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra m\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fd vplyv na \u013eudsk\u00fd organizmus. Mikrobiota sa sklad\u00e1 najm\u00e4 z bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed typu Bacteroidetes a Firmicutes. Samozrejme, je premenliv\u00e1 a priamo ovplyvnen\u00e1 rasou a zdravotn\u00fdm stavom \u010dloveka. Okrem toho sa v priebehu \u017eivota men\u00ed. \u010crevn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra sa v detstve neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje, zatia\u013e \u010do v dospelosti je rozhoduj\u00faca, preto\u017ee vtedy je jednorozmern\u00e1. K \u010fal\u0161\u00edm zmen\u00e1m doch\u00e1dza v obdob\u00ed starnutia, ke\u010f sa zhor\u0161uje. Preto je vhodn\u00e9 dba\u0165 na spr\u00e1vny pr\u00edjem probiot\u00edk. V\u00fdber probiot\u00edk by mal by\u0165 zalo\u017een\u00fd na v\u00fdsledkoch testov stolice, aby sa doplnili ch\u00fdbaj\u00face kmene bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed. Samozrejme, tak\u00e9to testy by sa mali vykon\u00e1va\u0165 kedyko\u013evek po\u010das \u017eivota, preto\u017ee \u010drev\u00e1 s\u00fa na\u0161\u00edm druh\u00fdm mozgom a posil\u0148uj\u00fa aj spr\u00e1vnu \u010dinnos\u0165 imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Probiotik\u00e1 s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 aj pri u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed antibiot\u00edk, preto\u017ee vtedy sa vy\u010derp\u00e1 \u010drevn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra. V\u00fdskum tie\u017e uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 bakt\u00e9rie v na\u0161ich \u010drev\u00e1ch s\u00fa st\u00e1le a niektor\u00e9 sa menia. Vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa na to faktory, ako s\u00fa infekcie, zl\u00e1 strava, chronick\u00fd stres, farmakoterapia a \u017eivotn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl. Mnoh\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie v\u0161ak dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed vplyv na \u010drevn\u00fa mikrofl\u00f3ru m\u00e1 strava. Treba si uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee na mno\u017estvo a kvalitu \u010drevn\u00fdch bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed m\u00e1 vplyv aj n\u00e1\u0161 zdravotn\u00fd stav. \u013dudia trpiaci napr\u00edklad cukrovkou, celiakiou, obezitou alebo z\u00e1palov\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm \u010driev sa vyzna\u010duj\u00fa n\u00edzkou diverzitou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vplyv na telo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Mikrobi\u00f3m ovplyv\u0148uje \u013eudsk\u00fa fyziol\u00f3giu mnoh\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi. Ide najm\u00e4 o tr\u00e1venie zlo\u017eiek v tr\u00e1viacom trakte, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa str\u00e1ven\u00e9 enz\u00fdmami tr\u00e1viaceho syst\u00e9mu. Ak je v\u0161ak v \u010drev\u00e1ch dysbi\u00f3za, t. j. zl\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra, m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k \u0165a\u017ekostiam so spr\u00e1vnym tr\u00e1ven\u00edm v tr\u00e1viacom trakte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Os \u010drevo-mozog<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tvrdenie, \u017ee \u010drev\u00e1 s\u00fa na\u0161\u00edm druh\u00fdm mozgom, je \u00faplne spr\u00e1vne. M\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam, preto\u017ee zah\u0155\u0148a obojsmern\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie medzi mikrofl\u00f3rou, \u010drevom a mozgom. To v\u0161etko sa deje prostredn\u00edctvom nervov\u00fdch dr\u00e1h, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa centr\u00e1 a \u010drevn\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, a d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd je aj kardiovaskul\u00e1rny syst\u00e9m. Inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom obehov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uj\u00fa v\u010faka regul\u00e1torom imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, horm\u00f3nom, neurotransmiteromhorm\u00f3ny, os sp\u00e1jaj\u00faca hypotalamus s hypof\u00fdzou a nadobli\u010dkami a bakteri\u00e1lne metabolity, konkr\u00e9tne mastn\u00e9 kyseliny s kr\u00e1tkym re\u0165azcom. \u0160t\u00fadie tie\u017e uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee mikrobiota ovplyv\u0148uje:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- reflexy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa d\u00f4sledkom po\u0161koden\u00e9ho tkaniva,<\/li>
- na\u0161e stresov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie,<\/li>
- neuroch\u00e9mia mozgu,<\/li>
- pr\u00edjem potravy,<\/li>
- emocion\u00e1lne a soci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
V \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 sa uskuto\u010dnili na my\u0161iach, sa dok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee vplyv mikrobioty je z\u00e1sadn\u00fd pre soci\u00e1lny v\u00fdvoj my\u0161\u00ed a jej nevhodn\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie v tr\u00e1viacom trakte ovplyv\u0148uje neurokognit\u00edvne poruchy, dokonca autizmus. Okrem toho sa u tak\u00fdchto jedincov prejavuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 reakcia na stres a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazkostn\u00e9 reakcie v porovnan\u00ed s my\u0161ami, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa norm\u00e1lne zlo\u017eenie \u010drevn\u00fdch bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed. Vykonal sa aj test, aby sa zistilo, \u010do sa stane, ke\u010f sa bakt\u00e9rie v \u010drev\u00e1ch my\u0161\u00ed doplnia. To viedlo k zn\u00ed\u017eeniu hladiny kortikoster\u00f3nu, ktor\u00fd sa vylu\u010duje po\u010das stresu a \u00fazkosti. T\u00fdmto experimentom sa dok\u00e1zal v\u00fdznam medzi mikrofl\u00f3rou, \u010drevami a mozgom a spr\u00e1vnym v\u00fdvojom nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu jedinca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bakt\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 \u017eij\u00fa v na\u0161ich \u010drev\u00e1ch, s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za produkciu mastn\u00fdch kysel\u00edn s kr\u00e1tkym re\u0165azcom, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam pre spojenie medzi hematoencefalickou bari\u00e9rou. To sa deje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm produkcie prote\u00ednov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre tesn\u00e9 spojenia. Ide najm\u00e4 o tesn\u00e9 spojenie \u010drevn\u00fdch buniek, ktor\u00e9 odde\u013euje priestor medzi bunkami. V\u010faka tomu s\u00fa bunky navz\u00e1jom ve\u013emi pevne prepojen\u00e9. Pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa sie\u0165, ktor\u00e1 je usporiadan\u00e1 do vl\u00e1kien a chr\u00e1ni n\u00e1s pred patog\u00e9nmi. Na druhej strane, ak d\u00f4jde k preru\u0161eniu \u00fazkeho spojenia, z medzibunkovej tekutiny sa uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.To m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 negat\u00edvny vplyv na funkciu mozgu, n\u00e1ladu a kognit\u00edvne funkcie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mikrobi\u00f3m a psychika<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
V posledn\u00fdch rokoch vedci opakovane preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee vplyv \u010drevnej mikrofl\u00f3ry m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam pre na\u0161e reakcie na stres a \u00fazkos\u0165, depres\u00edvne poruchy a kognit\u00edvne procesy. Mnoh\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie dokumentuj\u00fa, \u017ee u\u017e\u00edvanie probiotickej lie\u010dby v kombin\u00e1cii s prebiotikami m\u00e1 pozit\u00edvny vplyv na stav \u013eud\u00ed s psychick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami, \u00fazkos\u0165ou a depres\u00edvnymi stavmi. U \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed konzumuj\u00fa alkohol, sa objavuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vplyv \u010drevnej mikrofl\u00f3ry. Tu m\u00f4\u017eeme pozorova\u0165 priepustnos\u0165 hrub\u00e9ho \u010dreva a zmeny v zlo\u017een\u00ed \u010drevnej mikrofl\u00f3ry, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 depres\u00edvne stavy a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa chu\u0165 na alkohol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vplyv na tr\u00e1venie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
U zdrav\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed s\u00fa bakt\u00e9rie zodpovedn\u00e9 za tr\u00e1venie vl\u00e1kniny, niektor\u00fdch bielkov\u00edn a cukrov. Vznikaj\u00fa tak kyseliny s kr\u00e1tkym re\u0165azcom, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa energiu pre \u010drevn\u00fd epitel, chr\u00e1nia imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a eliminuj\u00fa patog\u00e9nne bakt\u00e9rie v tr\u00e1viacom trakte. M\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam aj pri prevencii kolorekt\u00e1lneho karcin\u00f3mu, preto\u017ee primeran\u00e1 prevencia minimalizuje v\u00fdskyt rakoviny v bud\u00facnosti. K tomu doch\u00e1dza v d\u00f4sledku z\u00e1palu a po\u0161kodenia DNA \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi metabolick\u00fdmi produktmi, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za rast n\u00e1doru. V \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch s t\u00fdmto typom os\u00f4b sa opakovane pozorovala \u010drevn\u00e1 dysbi\u00f3za a n\u00edzky po\u010det bakteri\u00e1lnych druhov. Uk\u00e1zalo sa tie\u017e, \u017ee pri tomto type ochorenia je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 strava bohat\u00e1 na vl\u00e1kninu, polynenas\u00fdten\u00e9 mastn\u00e9 kyseliny, antioxidanty a probiotik\u00e1. M\u00f4\u017eeme sa postara\u0165 aj o doplnenie vitam\u00ednov skupiny B, vitam\u00ednu K. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je aj produkcia vitam\u00ednov z tr\u00e1viaceho traktu zo zdrav\u00fdch potrav\u00edn. Mus\u00edte vedie\u0165, \u017ee z\u00e1pal v \u010drev\u00e1ch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00fd aj vy\u010derpanou \u010drevnou mikrofl\u00f3rou, \u010do n\u00e1sledne vedie k rakovine hrub\u00e9ho \u010dreva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00fdznam komenz\u00e1lnych bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Komenz\u00e1lne bakt\u00e9rie a vhodne zvolen\u00e9 probiotik\u00e1 maj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa funkciu pri oslabovan\u00ed \u010drevnej bari\u00e9ry, aby sa patog\u00e9nne bakt\u00e9rie a ich metabolick\u00e9 produkty nedostali do n\u00e1\u0161ho obehov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Dobr\u00e9 bakt\u00e9rie sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na zni\u017eovan\u00ed v\u00fdskytu infekci\u00ed posil\u0148ovan\u00edm imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, preto\u017ee bojuj\u00fa so zl\u00fdmi bakt\u00e9riami o \u017eiviny a priestor na povrchu sliznice. Komenz\u00e1lne bakt\u00e9rie tie\u017e ved\u00fa k zn\u00ed\u017eeniu pH v \u010dreve v d\u00f4sledku produkcie lakt\u00e1tu a kysel\u00edn s kr\u00e1tkym re\u0165azcom, ktor\u00e9 v\u00fdborne neutralizuj\u00fa z\u00e1palov\u00e9 patog\u00e9nne bakt\u00e9rie. V poslednom \u010dase sa objavuje \u010doraz viac \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, pod\u013ea ktor\u00fdch je vplyv mikrobi\u00f3mu ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pri formovan\u00ed z\u00edskanej imunity proti chronick\u00e9mu z\u00e1palu. Preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenie stolice, vhodn\u00fd v\u00fdber probiotickej lie\u010dby a zdrav\u00e1 strava.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vplyv mikrobioty na zdravie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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<\/figure><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nNa druhej strane, n\u00edzka bakteri\u00e1lna diverzita v gastrointestin\u00e1lnom trakte sa ve\u013emi \u010dasto diagnostikuje u \u013eud\u00ed so z\u00e1palov\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm \u010driev. To vedie aj k strate ochrann\u00fdch funkci\u00ed, t. j. k neschopnosti fermentova\u0165 vl\u00e1kninu a k nedostato\u010dnej produkcii d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch mastn\u00fdch kysel\u00edn s kr\u00e1tkym re\u0165azcom, ako aj k hor\u0161iemu priebehu ochorenia. Z\u00e1pal v \u010drev\u00e1ch je ide\u00e1lnou \u017eivnou p\u00f4dou pre patog\u00e9nne bakt\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 neprospievaj\u00fa zdraviu a sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa v\u00edrusov\u00e9 infekcie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V pr\u00edpade kardiovaskul\u00e1rneho syst\u00e9mu je vplyv mikrobi\u00f3mu dvojak\u00fd. Jeho dobr\u00fd vplyv spo\u010d\u00edva v regul\u00e1cii lipidogramu, \u010do vedie k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu dobr\u00e9ho cholesterolu HDL a zn\u00ed\u017eeniu triglyceridov. Kme\u0148 Lactobacilli preuk\u00e1zate\u013ene pom\u00e1ha odstra\u0148ova\u0165 zl\u00fd cholesterol z ciev. M\u00f4\u017ee to fungova\u0165 aj opa\u010dne, preto\u017ee nadbytok zl\u00fdch bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed vedie k tvorbe aterosklerotick\u00e9ho plaku, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee v bud\u00facnosti sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 infarkt alebo m\u0155tvicu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metabolick\u00e9 poruchy sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 nedostatkom dobr\u00fdch bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed v \u010drev\u00e1ch m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k vzniku cukrovky II. typu. Vedeck\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee \u010drevn\u00e9 bakt\u00e9rie sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na metabolizme gluk\u00f3zy. Okrem toho bolo dok\u00e1zan\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 kmene s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za vznik ochorenia a ktor\u00e9 ho potl\u00e1\u010daj\u00fa. Z h\u013eadiska zdravia je \u010drevn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra spojen\u00e1 s cukrovkou II. typu v d\u00f4sledku homeost\u00e1zy gluk\u00f3zy a inzul\u00ednovej rezistencie v org\u00e1noch, ako s\u00fa pe\u010de\u0148, svaly a tuk. Mikrobiota a jej produkty reguluj\u00fa \u010drevn\u00e9 horm\u00f3ny a enz\u00fdmy, ktor\u00e9 potl\u00e1\u010daj\u00fa inzul\u00ednov\u00fa rezistenciu a zlep\u0161uj\u00fa toleranciu cukru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dobr\u00e9 \u010drevn\u00e9 bakt\u00e9rie maj\u00fa vplyv aj na reumatoidn\u00fa artrit\u00eddu, preto\u017ee obsahuj\u00fa mikroorganizmy, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Nerovnov\u00e1ha v \u010drev\u00e1ch vedie k vzniku mnoh\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed, dokonca aj RA. Pri tomto ochoren\u00ed sa sk\u00fama aj mikrofl\u00f3ra \u00fastnej dutiny a jej \u00faloha pri vzniku ochorenia. \u0160t\u00fadie uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam tu m\u00e1 aj dysbi\u00f3za.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Posledn\u00fdm diskutovan\u00fdm pr\u00edpadom, v ktorom maj\u00fa bakt\u00e9rie ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam, je obezita a nadv\u00e1ha, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa metlou 21. storo\u010dia. Mnoho \u013eud\u00ed trp\u00ed dysbi\u00f3zou, ktor\u00e1 je sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 nespr\u00e1vnou v\u00fd\u017eivou a nevhodn\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00fdlom. To m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok aj poruchy imunitnej regul\u00e1cie, zmenen\u00fa regul\u00e1ciu \u010drevn\u00fdch horm\u00f3nov a proz\u00e1palov\u00e9 mechanizmy. V tomto pr\u00edpade je vhodn\u00e9 dba\u0165 na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00fd v\u00fddaj a strava s n\u00edzkym obsahom zl\u00fdch tukov m\u00e1 pozit\u00edvny vplyv na lie\u010dbu obezity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bibliografia:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
- Binek M: \u013dudsk\u00fd mikrobi\u00f3m – zdravie a choroba. Post Microbiol 2012; 51,<\/li>
- Rakowska M., Lichosik M., Kacik J., Kalicki B., The influence of the microbiota on human health, Pediatr Med Rodz 2016, 12 (4),<\/li>
- Nowak, Adriana, Katarzyna Slizewska a Zdzis\u0142awa Libudzisz. „Probiotik\u00e1 – hist\u00f3ria a mechanizmy \u00fa\u010dinku“. Food Science Technology Quality 17.4 (2010).<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u013dudsk\u00fd gastrointestin\u00e1lny mikrobi\u00f3m pozost\u00e1va z viac ako 1000 druhov bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed a \u010drevn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra je definovan\u00e1 ako v\u0161etky bakt\u00e9rie \u017eij\u00face v na\u0161om hrubom \u010dreve a ich zlo\u017eenie a po\u010detnos\u0165 s\u00favis\u00ed so zdravotn\u00fdm stavom. Mikrobi\u00f3m tvoria bakt\u00e9rie, ale okrem nich v \u0148om n\u00e1jdeme aj v\u00edrusy a eukaryotick\u00e9 organizmy. Vedeck\u00fd v\u00fdskum n\u00e1m umo\u017enil presne ur\u010di\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00fd mikrobi\u00f3m, ako […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":28825,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28826","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravie","box-post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28826"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28827,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28826\/revisions\/28827"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28825"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28826"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28826"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}