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<\/figure><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nSt\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ra m\u00e1 na lidsk\u00fd organismus obrovsk\u00fd vliv. Mikrobiota se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z bakteri\u00ed typu Bacteroidetes a Firmicutes. Je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b prom\u011bnliv\u00e1 a p\u0159\u00edmo ovlivn\u011bn\u00e1 rasou a zdravotn\u00edm stavem \u010dlov\u011bka. Nav\u00edc se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota m\u011bn\u00ed. St\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobiota se v d\u011btstv\u00ed neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje, zat\u00edmco v dosp\u011blosti je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1, proto\u017ee pak je jednorozm\u011brn\u00e1. K dal\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m doch\u00e1z\u00ed b\u011bhem st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, kdy se zhor\u0161uje. Proto je vhodn\u00e9 db\u00e1t na spr\u00e1vn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem probiotik. V\u00fdb\u011br probiotik by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zalo\u017een na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch test\u016f stolice, aby se doplnily chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed kmeny bakteri\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 testy by se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u011bly prov\u00e1d\u011bt kdykoli b\u011bhem \u017eivota, proto\u017ee st\u0159eva jsou na\u0161\u00edm druh\u00fdm mozkem a posiluj\u00ed tak\u00e9 spr\u00e1vnou \u010dinnost imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Probiotika jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 i p\u0159i u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed antibiotik, proto\u017ee pak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry. V\u00fdzkum tak\u00e9 uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 bakterie v na\u0161ich st\u0159evech jsou st\u00e1l\u00e9 a n\u011bkter\u00e9 se m\u011bn\u00ed. Vliv na to maj\u00ed faktory, jako jsou infekce, \u0161patn\u00e1 strava, chronick\u00fd stres, farmakoterapie a \u017eivotn\u00ed styl. Mnoho v\u011bdeck\u00fdch studi\u00ed v\u0161ak ukazuje, \u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vliv na st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ru m\u00e1 strava. Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee na mno\u017estv\u00ed a kvalitu st\u0159evn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed m\u00e1 vliv i n\u00e1\u0161 zdravotn\u00ed stav. Lid\u00e9 trp\u00edc\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad cukrovkou, celiaki\u00ed, obezitou nebo z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm st\u0159ev se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed n\u00edzkou diverzitou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dopad na t\u011blo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Mikrobiom ovliv\u0148uje lidskou fyziologii mnoha zp\u016fsoby. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o tr\u00e1ven\u00ed slo\u017eek tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktem, kter\u00e9 nejsou tr\u00e1veny enzymy tr\u00e1vic\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Pokud je v\u0161ak ve st\u0159evech dysbi\u00f3za, tj. \u0161patn\u00e1 mikrofl\u00f3ra, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edm se spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm tr\u00e1ven\u00edm v tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Osa st\u0159evo-mozek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee st\u0159eva jsou na\u0161\u00edm druh\u00fdm mozkem, je naprosto spr\u00e1vn\u00e9. M\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, proto\u017ee zahrnuje obousm\u011brn\u00e9 informace mezi mikrofl\u00f3rou, st\u0159evem a mozkem. To v\u0161e se d\u011bje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm neuron\u00e1ln\u00edch drah, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed centra a st\u0159evn\u00ed nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd je tak\u00e9 kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Informace, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed ob\u011bhov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, se uskute\u010d\u0148uj\u00ed d\u00edky regul\u00e1tor\u016fm imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, hormon\u016fm, neurotransmiter\u016fm.hormony, osa spojuj\u00edc\u00ed hypotalamus s hypof\u00fdzou a nadledvinami a bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed metabolity, zejm\u00e9na mastn\u00e9 kyseliny s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem. Studie tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee mikrobiota ovliv\u0148uje:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- reflexy, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u016fsledkem po\u0161kozen\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b,<\/li>
- na\u0161e stresov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed,<\/li>
- neurochemie mozku,<\/li>
- p\u0159\u00edjem potravy,<\/li>
- emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ve studi\u00edch proveden\u00fdch na my\u0161\u00edch bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee vliv mikrobioty je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj my\u0161\u00ed a jej\u00ed nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed v tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktu ovliv\u0148uje neurokognitivn\u00ed poruchy, dokonce i autismus. Krom\u011b toho tito jedinci vykazuj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161enou reakci na stres a maj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazkostn\u00e9 reakce ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s my\u0161mi, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed. Byl tak\u00e9 proveden test, kter\u00fd m\u011bl zjistit, co se stane, kdy\u017e se bakterie ve st\u0159evech my\u0161\u00ed dopln\u00ed. To vedlo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hladiny kortikosteronu, kter\u00fd se vylu\u010duje p\u0159i stresu a \u00fazkosti. T\u00edmto experimentem byl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n v\u00fdznam mezi mikrofl\u00f3rou, st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3rou a mozkem a spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu jedince.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bakterie, kter\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed v na\u0161ich st\u0159evech, jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za produkci mastn\u00fdch kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro spojen\u00ed mezi krevn\u00ed a mozkovou bari\u00e9rou. To se d\u011bje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm produkce protein\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro t\u011bsn\u00e9 spoje. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o t\u011bsn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00edch bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 odd\u011bluje prostor mezi bu\u0148kami. D\u00edky tomu jsou bu\u0148ky navz\u00e1jem velmi t\u011bsn\u011b propojeny. P\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165, kter\u00e1 je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na do vl\u00e1ken a chr\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1s p\u0159ed patogeny. Na druhou stranu, pokud dojde k p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bsn\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed, uvol\u0148uj\u00ed se z mezibun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 tekutiny \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.To m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt negativn\u00ed dopad na funkci mozku, n\u00e1ladu a kognitivn\u00ed funkce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mikrobiom a psychika<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
V posledn\u00edch letech v\u011bdci opakovan\u011b prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee vliv st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty m\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro na\u0161e reakce na stres a \u00fazkost, depresivn\u00ed poruchy a kognitivn\u00ed procesy. Mnoho studi\u00ed prok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed probiotick\u00e9 terapie v kombinaci s prebiotiky m\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed vliv na stav lid\u00ed s psychick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my, \u00fazkost\u00ed a depresivn\u00edmi stavy. U lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed konzumuj\u00ed alkohol, se objevuje v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry. Zde m\u016f\u017eeme pozorovat propustnost tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva a zm\u011bny ve slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 depresivn\u00ed stavy a zv\u00fd\u0161enou touhu po alkoholu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vliv na tr\u00e1ven\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
U zdrav\u00fdch lid\u00ed jsou bakterie zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za tr\u00e1ven\u00ed vl\u00e1kniny, n\u011bkter\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin a cukr\u016f. Vznikaj\u00ed tak kyseliny s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed energii st\u0159evn\u00edmu epitelu, chr\u00e1n\u00ed imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a likviduj\u00ed patogenn\u00ed bakterie v tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktu. Velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 v prevenci kolorekt\u00e1ln\u00edho karcinomu, proto\u017ee vhodn\u00e1 prevence minimalizuje v\u00fdskyt rakoviny v budoucnu. K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed v d\u016fsledku z\u00e1n\u011btu a po\u0161kozen\u00ed DNA \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi metabolick\u00fdmi produkty, kter\u00e9 jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za r\u016fst n\u00e1doru. Ve studi\u00edch s t\u00edmto typem osob byla opakovan\u011b pozorov\u00e1na st\u0159evn\u00ed dysbi\u00f3za a n\u00edzk\u00fd po\u010det bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edch druh\u016f. Bylo tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee u tohoto typu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 strava bohat\u00e1 na vl\u00e1kninu, polynenasycen\u00e9 mastn\u00e9 kyseliny, antioxidanty a probiotika. M\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 db\u00e1t na dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vitamin\u016f skupiny B, vitaminu K. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 produkce vitamin\u016f z tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu ze zdrav\u00fdch potravin. Mus\u00edte v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee z\u00e1n\u011bt ve st\u0159evech m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsoben tak\u00e9 vy\u010derpanou st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3rou, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1sledn\u011b vede k rakovin\u011b tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00fdznam komenz\u00e1ln\u00edch bakteri\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Komenz\u00e1ln\u00ed bakterie a vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00e1 probiotika maj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou funkci p\u0159i naru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry, aby se patogenn\u00ed bakterie a jejich metabolick\u00e9 produkty nedostaly do na\u0161eho ob\u011bhov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Dobr\u00e9 bakterie se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdskytu infekc\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee posiluj\u00ed imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, proto\u017ee bojuj\u00ed se \u0161patn\u00fdmi bakteriemi o \u017eiviny a prostor na povrchu sliznice. Komenz\u00e1ln\u00ed bakterie tak\u00e9 vedou ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pH ve st\u0159ev\u011b d\u00edky produkci lakt\u00e1tu a kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdborn\u011b neutralizuj\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 patogenn\u00ed bakterie. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se objevuje st\u00e1le v\u00edce studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee vliv mikrobiomu je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pro utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00e9 imunity proti chronick\u00e9mu z\u00e1n\u011btu. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed stolice, vhodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br probiotick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010dby a zdrav\u00e1 strava.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vliv mikrobioty na zdrav\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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<\/figure><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nNa druhou stranu je n\u00edzk\u00e1 bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed diverzita v tr\u00e1vic\u00edm traktu velmi \u010dasto diagnostikov\u00e1na u lid\u00ed se z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm st\u0159ev. To tak\u00e9 vede ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b ochrann\u00fdch funkc\u00ed, tj. neschopnosti fermentovat vl\u00e1kninu a nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 produkci d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch mastn\u00fdch kyselin s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzcem, a k hor\u0161\u00edmu pr\u016fb\u011bhu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Z\u00e1n\u011bt ve st\u0159evech je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivnou p\u016fdou pro patogenn\u00ed bakterie, kter\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed neprosp\u00edvaj\u00ed a zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed virov\u00e9 infekce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu je vliv mikrobiomu dvoj\u00ed. Jeho dobr\u00fd vliv spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v regulaci lipidogramu, co\u017e vede ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho cholesterolu HDL a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed triglycerid\u016f. Kmen Lactobacilli prokazateln\u011b pom\u00e1h\u00e1 odstra\u0148ovat \u0161patn\u00fd cholesterol z c\u00e9v. M\u016f\u017ee to fungovat i opa\u010dn\u011b, proto\u017ee nadbytek \u0161patn\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed vede k tvorb\u011b aterosklerotick\u00e9ho plaku, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee v budoucnu zp\u016fsobit infarkt nebo mrtvici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metabolick\u00e9 poruchy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 nedostatkem dobr\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed ve st\u0159evech mohou v\u00e9st ke vzniku cukrovky II. typu. V\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee st\u0159evn\u00ed bakterie se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na metabolismu gluk\u00f3zy. D\u00e1le bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, kter\u00e9 kmeny jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za rozvoj onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a kter\u00e9 kmeny jej potla\u010duj\u00ed. Z hlediska zdrav\u00ed je st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobiota spojena s diabetem II. typu v d\u016fsledku homeost\u00e1zy gluk\u00f3zy a inzul\u00ednov\u00e9 rezistence v org\u00e1nech, jako jsou j\u00e1tra, svaly a tuk. Mikrobiota a jej\u00ed produkty reguluj\u00ed st\u0159evn\u00ed hormony a enzymy, kter\u00e9 potla\u010duj\u00ed inzulinovou rezistenci a zlep\u0161uj\u00ed toleranci cukru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dobr\u00e9 st\u0159evn\u00ed bakterie maj\u00ed vliv i na revmatoidn\u00ed artritidu, proto\u017ee obsahuj\u00ed mikroorganismy, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Nerovnov\u00e1ha ve st\u0159evech vede ke vzniku mnoha onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, dokonce i RA. U tohoto onemocn\u011bn\u00ed se tak\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1 \u00fastn\u00ed dutina, jej\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ra a jej\u00ed role p\u0159i vzniku onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam zde m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 dysbi\u00f3za.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Posledn\u00edm diskutovan\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edpadem, kde maj\u00ed bakterie velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam, je obezita a nadv\u00e1ha, kter\u00e9 jsou metlou 21. stolet\u00ed. Mnoho lid\u00ed trp\u00ed dysbi\u00f3zou, kter\u00e1 je zp\u016fsobena \u0161patnou v\u00fd\u017eivou a nevhodn\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem. To m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek tak\u00e9 poruchy imunitn\u00ed regulace, zm\u011bnu regulace st\u0159evn\u00edch hormon\u016f a proz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 mechanismy. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je vhodn\u00e9 db\u00e1t na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00fd v\u00fddej a strava s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem \u0161patn\u00fdch tuk\u016f m\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed vliv na l\u00e9\u010dbu obezity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bibliografie:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
- Binek M: Lidsk\u00fd mikrobiom – zdrav\u00ed a nemoc. Post Microbiol 2012; 51,<\/li>
- Rakowska M., Lichosik M., Kacik J., Kalicki B., The influence of the microbiota on human health, Pediatr Med Rodz 2016, 12 (4),<\/li>
- Nowak, Adriana, Katarzyna Slizewska a Zdzis\u0142awa Libudzisz. „Probiotika – historie a mechanismy \u00fa\u010dinku“. Food Science Technology Quality 17.4 (2010).<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Lidsk\u00fd gastrointestin\u00e1ln\u00ed mikrobiom se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 druh\u016f bakteri\u00ed a st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobiota je definov\u00e1na jako v\u0161echny bakterie \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v na\u0161em tlust\u00e9m st\u0159ev\u011b a jejich slo\u017een\u00ed a mno\u017estv\u00ed souvis\u00ed se zdravotn\u00edm stavem. Mikrobiom se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z bakteri\u00ed, ale krom\u011b nich v n\u011bm najdeme tak\u00e9 viry a eukaryotick\u00e9 organismy. V\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum n\u00e1m umo\u017enil p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":28869,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravi","box-post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28870"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28871,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28870\/revisions\/28871"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/consumers-views.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}